Habitat: bank, clay, cliff, coast, dry, forest, hill, loam, lowland, margin, moist, open, pasture, peat, ridge, roadside, rock outcrop, sand, scrubland, sheltered, shrubland, silt, slope, stone, terrace, wasteland, wetland

Dispersal: Seed

Distribution from the Australasian Virtual Herbarium. CC-BY 3.0 AU
Distribution from the Australasian Virtual Herbarium. CC-BY 3.0 AU
 Recognition
  • a large shrub or small tree up to 15 m high, with upright main stems, and rough bark.
  • its leaves are long and narrow (up to 15 cm long and 2.5 cm wide), dark green above, and white beneath; leaves from seedlings and saplings are coarsely toothed, and those from mature adult plants are entire.
  • its inflorescences are cylindrical (9-12 cm long), erect, with numerous flowers.
  • its flowers are pale green or yellow-green, 10-15 mm long, and with abundant nectar.
  • its fruiting cone is woody, persistent, and with several hard and woody valves each with a black seed.
 Images
Image: Jonathan Boow © Jonathan Boow
Image: Jonathan Boow © Jonathan Boow
Image: Trevor James © Trevor James
Image: Trevor James © Trevor James
Image: Trevor James © Trevor James
Image: Trevor James © Trevor James
Weeds Key – interactive key to the weed species of New Zealand
 References
Biosecurity New Zealand 2012: Regional Pest Management Strategies Database. http://www.biosecurityperformance.maf.govt.nz/
Howell, C. 2008: Consolidated list of environmental weeds in New Zealand. DOC Research & Development Series 292: 42.