Habitat: bank, cliff, coast, dry, fernland, hill, margin, open, ridge, roadside, rock outcrop, sand, shrubland, slope, stone, terrace, wasteland

Dispersal: Seed

 Recognition
  • a medium-sized to large tree with an open crown and a stout trunk that is bare of branches for most of its length and has thick, deeply fissured, dark red or reddish brown bark.
  • its needle-like leaves (up to 26 cm long) are rigid, pungent, dull green, and arranged in groups of two.
  • separate male and female cones are produced on the same plant.
  • the elongated male cones are small (up to 1.5 cm long) and borne in dense clusters.
  • the mature female cones are long-persistent, more-or-less symmetrical, 7-15 cm long, and sessile or with a short stalk.
 References
Howell, C. 2008: Consolidated list of environmental weeds in New Zealand. DOC Research & Development Series 292: 42.