Classification
 Nomenclature
Scientific Name:
Hiya distans (Hook.) Brownsey & Perrie in Perrie et al., New Zealand J. Bot. 56: 412 (2018)
Synonymy:
  • Hypolepis distans Hook., Sp. Fil. 2, 70, t. 95c (1852)
Lectotype (selected by Brownsey & Chinnock 1984): no locality, W. Colenso 1782, Herb. Hooker., K 000913967!
Etymology:
From the Latin distans (widely separated), a reference to the widely spaced pinnae of this species.
 Description

Rhizomes long-creeping, 1–2.5 mm diameter, with stipes arising 5–110 mm apart; bearing red-brown or chestnut-brown hairs up to 5 mm long. Fronds 120–1700 mm long. Stipes 15–600 mm long, 0.75–1.25 mm diameter, dark red-brown, polished, bearing scattered red-brown non-glandular hairs up to 3 mm long. Rachises red-brown becoming paler only at the distal end, bearing scattered chestnut-brown non-glandular hairs up to 1 mm long. Laminae usually deeply 2-pinnate-pinnatifid, rarely 2- or 3-pinnate, narrowly elliptic or elliptic or narrowly ovate or ovate, tapering to a very short pinnatifid apex, 105–1280 mm long, 45–390 mm wide, light green on both surfaces, coriaceous; a few scattered pale brown non-glandular hairs on abaxial lamina surface and costae but absent from lamina margin, up to 0.5 mm long. Primary pinnae in 15–40 pairs below pinnatifid apex, widely spaced, narrowly ovate, narrowly winged; the proximal pair arising at c. 90° to rachis; the longest at or below the middle, 25–210 mm long, 8–75 or rarely to 82 mm wide, apices acuminate, bases short-stalked or sessile. Secondary pinnae decreasing very gradually in length along primary pinnae to the distal end, winged throughout; the longest ovate to narrowly ovate, 4–50 mm long, 2–12 mm wide, apices acute or obtuse, bases sessile or shortly stalked, deeply divided or divided to the midrib in largest fronds. Tertiary pinnae ovate, 2–7 mm long, 1–3 mm wide, apices obtuse, bases adnate, margins rarely deeply divided. Veins reaching margin at a sinus. Sori ± round, protected by reflexed toothed lamina flaps; paraphyses absent. Mean spore size 31–34 μm long, 19–21 μm wide; perispores dark brown, reticulate, lacking obvious projections.

 Recognition

Hiya distans is a very distinct species recognised by its polished red-brown stipes, relatively narrow laminae, coriaceous texture, pinnae that arise at c. 90° to the rachis, veins that reach the margin at a sinus, well-developed indusia and dark brown spores that lack obvious projections.

 Distribution

North Island: Northland, Auckland, Volcanic Plateau, Gisborne, Taranaki, Southern North Island.

South Island: Western Nelson, Sounds–Nelson, Westland, Canterbury, Southland.

Chatham Islands, Stewart Island.

Altitudinal range:  0–750 m.

In the North Island Hiya distans occurs in coastal and lowland sites from near Kaitāia to Wellington, but is absent from much of the central high country and uncommon on the eastern side of the island. It reaches 750 m in the Herangi Range. In the South Island it is common only in coastal and lowland areas of the Marlborough Sounds, north-west Nelson and Westland as far south as the Haast River, with very scattered records on the east coast from Akaroa, the Catlins district and Stewart Island. It reaches 300 m in the Marlborough Sounds. It has also been recorded from the Chatham Islands.

Also Australia (New South Wales, Tasmania and King Island). Now known from New South Wales (Mills 2017); naturalised on Norfolk Island and possibly King Island (de Lange 2000).

 Habitat

Grows in swampy areas, bordering wetlands, on the bases of Carex secta in bogs, on peat or soils with a deep humus layer, in drainage ditches, on river terraces, on disturbed soils, on decomposing logs and humus mounds, in clearings, on road banks and on forest margins. The weak stipes of Hiya distans are unable to support the laminae, and plants often scramble over the substrate forming a mound of rhizome and fronds, or less commonly climb up through other vegetation. In northern New Zealand it is found in kauri forest or mānuka, but further south it grows under podocarp or broadleaved forest, or under mānuka and kānuka. It is also found under pines.

 Biostatus
Indigenous (Non-endemic)
 Cytology
 Bibliography
Brownsey, P.J. 1983: Polyploidy and aneuploidy in Hypolepis, and the evolution of the Dennstaedtiales. American Fern Journal 73: 97–108.
Brownsey, P.J.; Chinnock, R.J. 1984: A taxonomic revision of the New Zealand species of Hypolepis. New Zealand Journal of Botany 22(1): 43–80.
Brownsey, P.J.; Perrie, L.R. 2022: Dennstaedtiaceae. Edition 2. In: Glenny, D. (ed.) Flora of New Zealand - Ferns and Lycophytes. Fascicle 19. Manaaki Whenua Press, Lincoln.
de Lange, P.J. 2000: Hypolepis distans (Dennstaedtiaceae), a casual introduction to Norfolk Island. New Zealand Botanical Society Newsletter 61: 17–18.
de Lange, P.J.; Rolfe, J.R.; Barkla J.W.; Courtney, S.P.; Champion, P.D.; Perrie, L.R.; Beadel, S.N.; Ford, K.A.; Breitwieser, I.; Schönberger, I.; Hindmarsh-Walls, R.; Heenan, P.B.; Ladley, K. 2018: Conservation status of New Zealand indigenous vascular plants, 2017. New Zealand Threat Classification Series. No. 22. [as Hypolepis distans Hook.] [Not Threatened]
de Lange, P.J.; Rolfe, J.R.; Champion, P.D.; Courtney, S.P.; Heenan, P.B.; Barkla, J.W.; Cameron, E.K.; Norton, D.A.; Hitchmough, R.A. 2013: Conservation status of New Zealand indigenous vascular plants, 2012. New Zealand Threat Classification Series 3. Department of Conservation, Wellington. [as Hypolepis distans Hook.] [Not Threatened]
Hooker, W.J. 1851–1858: Species Filicum. Vol. 2. Pamplin, London.
Mills, K. 2017: The first record of the endangered fern Hypolepis distans Hook. (Dennstaedtiaceae) on the Australian mainland. Cunninghamia 17: 35–38.
Perrie, L.R.; Shepherd, L.D.; Brownsey, P.J. 2018: Hiya distans (Dennstaedtiaceae), a new combination for an Australasian fern previously classified in Hypolepis. New Zealand Journal of Botany 56(4): 406–414.